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One sound in the stops category, the glottal /q/, has also been retained from Perso-Arabic. The largest number of sounds retained is among the spirants, a group of sounds uttered with a friction of breath against some part of the oral passage, in this case /f/, /z/, /zh/, /x/, and /g/. Urdu does not retain the complete range of Perso-Arabic consonants, despite its heavy borrowing from that tradition. Urdu also retains a complete set of aspirated stops (sounds pronounced with a sudden release with an audible breath), a characteristic of Indo-Aryan, as well as retroflex stops. Phonologically, the Urdu sounds are the same as those of Hindi except for slight variations in short vowel allophones. Their distinction is most marked in terms of writing systems: Urdu uses a modified form of Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq ( nastaʿlīq), while Hindi uses Devanagari. In terms of lexicon, however, they have borrowed extensively from different sources-Urdu from Arabic and Persian, Hindi from Sanskrit-so they are usually treated as independent languages.
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They share the same Indo-Aryan base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language. Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. ( Hindustani now refers to a simplified speech form that is the Indian subcontinent’s largest lingua franca.) This mixed speech was variously called Hindvi, Zaban-e-Hind, Hindi, Zaban-e-Delhi, Rekhta, Gujari, Dakkhani, Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla, Zaban-e-Urdu, or just Urdu, literally ‘the language of the camp.’ Major Urdu writers continued to refer to it as Hindi or Hindvi until the beginning of the 19th century, although there is evidence that it was called Hindustani in the late 17th century. Its first major poet was Amir Khosrow (1253–1325), who composed dohas (couplets), folk songs, and riddles in the newly formed speech, then called Hindvi. Urdu developed in the 12th century ce from the regional Apabhramsha of northwestern India, serving as a linguistic modus vivendi after the Muslim conquest. Notably, Urdu and Hindi are mutually intelligible. Significant speech communities exist in the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States as well. It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized, or “scheduled,” in the constitution of India. Urdu is spoken as a first language by nearly 70 million people and as a second language by more than 100 million people, predominantly in Pakistan and India. Urdu language, member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages. Significant Urdu communities exist in the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized in the constitution of India. The Urdu language is spoken predominantly in Pakistan and India.
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